Soap

OBJECTIVE: Know how to do soap and produce it

MATERIAL:

• A beaker of 600 mL
• Gloves
• Goggles
• Glass road
• Spatula
• NaOH
• Distiller water
• Oil
• Tests tube
• Bunsen burner
• Clock glass

PROCEDURE: We have made three different experiments to produce soap

First procedure

  Material: 500 mL of oil, 183g of distilled water, 63g of NaOH, 35mL of an essence, a spatula and an      erlenmeyer

 Procedure: 

1. Firstly we have to weight out the necessary quantity of NaOH and then we dissolve it with the distilled water.
2. Secondly we add it in an erlenmeyer and we mixes with oil
3. Finally we add the essence that we want fou our soap.

                                                           

Second procedure

  Material: 50 mL of oil and 20g of NaOH of distilled water

  Procedure: 

1. We make a dissolution of NaOH and water
2. From this mixture we only take 50 mL
3. Then we add the oil and we mix it
4.  Finally we have to heat it. We can also add an essence

                                                           

Third procedure

  Material: 20g of NaOH, 80g of distilled water and 2mL of oil

  Procedure: 

1. We dissolve NaOH with distilled water
2. In a test tube we have put 2mL of that dissolution and 2mL of oil
3. We have made two test tubes like this
4. We can add an essence
5. We hit it in a "bany maria", a water bath

                                                 

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the soap? The soap is a chemical compound that is obtained when one makes react an oily acid with an alkali 
2. Which is the reaction that we have done? The reaction is called saponification
3. What capes we have produced? We have produced two capes. Above soap and below oil and glycerin that didn't react yet.
4. Formulate the reaction of it. 

   

                      

LIPIDS PROPERTIES

OBJECTIVES:

• Know the solubility of lipids
• Identify lipids
• Emulsion and effect of detergent

MATERIAL:

• Test tube rack
• 250mL beaker
• Water
• 6 test tubes
• Cellulose paper
• Dropper
• Scissors
• Glass rod
• Olive oil
• Soap
• Milk with different fat content: Full-cream, semi-skimmed and soy milk
• Petroleum ether
• Ethanol
• Sudan III

PROCEDURE:

Solubility of lipids:

1. Put 3 test tube in a test tube-rack, each one with a different mark
2. Put water in one test tube, ethanol in other test tube and ether in other. 
3. Put 1 drop of oil in each test tube
4. Observe the results 

                                     

Lipids identification:

   Translucent mark:

1. Cut one piece (10x10cm) of cellulose paper
2. Put 1 drop of water in a part of the squared piece. You will see a lucid spot.
3. Put 1 drop of olive oil in an other part of the squared piece of cellulose paper. You will see a translucent spot.  

                                   

   Sudan III dye: Sudan III is a red fat-soluble dye that is utilized in the identification of the presence of      lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins in liquids.

1. Prepare three test tube: Each one with milk with different fat content (M1, M2, M3) 
2. Add 2 drops of Sudan III and observe the results.

                                                                       

Emulsion and effect of detergent:

1. Take a 250mL beaker and put 100mL of water
2. Add 1mL of olive oil. With a glass rod stir the mixture vigorously and let it satnd for a few minutes
3. Observe what is happening
4. Add 2 drops of soap and stir the mixture again. Let it stand for a few minutes and notice the differences between both mixtures

                                                                   

RESULTS:

Solubility of lipids: 

In the test tube with water, the oil didn't mix with it.
In the test tube with ethanol, the oil is more dense than ethanol
In the test tube with ether, the oil mix with it
Lipids identification:
   Translucent mark:
In the part of the paper with water you will see a lucid spot and in the part of the paper with olive oil you will see a translucent spot.  
  Sudan III dye:

• Semi-skimmed milk: The solution stain soft red
• Full-cream: The solution stain reddish
• Soy juice: The colour doesn't change

Emulsion and effect of detergent:
When in the beaker only there are water and oil, when you try to mix them, they didn't blend but when you put soap in the mixture, the soap capture the oil.

QUESTIONS:

1.  From your observation, which compounds can dissolve lipids? The compound that can dissolve lipids is ethanol.
2. Do the oil and water mix? What can you conclude about the polarity of the oil if you know that water is polar? No, they don't. I can conclude that the polarity of the oil is non-polar and more over water can't dissolve lipids.
3. Why is liquid the olive oil at room temperature? Because has a low melting point 
4. Why does a lipid leave a translucent spot on paper? Because is a fatty acid
5. Which type of milk contains more lipids? Why? Full-cream is fattier than the others so it contains more lipids
6. Did the oil and water mix when you added the soap? Yes, it did.

STARCH

OBJECTIVE: Identify the quantity of starch there is in a frankfurt, in a potato, in the jam and in a leave

MATERIAL:

• 
• 1 Potato
• Jam
• Lugol
• Forceps
• 1 frankfurt
• 1 leave
• A knife
• Four watch glasses
• Wire gauze
• A lab burner
• Ethanol  
• A dropper

PROCEDURE:

Leave

1. Boil the leave with H2O (2 min)
2. Put the leave in a test tub with etanol and boil it again (10 min)       
3. We bring it out from the test tube and we pit it in a watch glass
4. We add lugol on the leave

                       

Food

1. Cut a piece of potato, a piece of frankfurt and a piece of jam
2. Put each one in a different watch glass
3. Add lugol at each one to reveal the starch presence

                   

                                                           
QUESTIONS:

1. Which is the origin of the starch that you can see in the leave? The starch came from the photosyntesis.
2. Explain the significance of boiling the leave in water.The significance is to interrupt the photosyntesis.
3. Explain the significance of boiling the leave in ethanol. We boil the leave in ethanol to extract the clorophill.
4. Explain the significance of rising the leave in water. We rise the leave in water to extract any remains of ethanol.