Cromatografia

OBJECTIVE: To see the different layers of a mixture of spinach

MATERIAL:

• Filter paper
• Spinachs
• Petri dish
• Ethanol  
• A mortar
• Calcium carbonate
• A spatula

PROCEDURE:

1. First of all we have to wash the spinach to clean it and then we dry it with a paper.
2. Then we have to put the washed spinach in the mortar and grind it until we get a green liquid.    
3. Then we have to add 50mL of ethanol and a very little bit of calcium carbonate with the spatula.
4. We romove it and then we have to filter the mixture with a filter paper.        
5. Put a part of the mixture in the petri dish and put the paper, that we have folded in a half.
6. We have to wait until we can observe the different pigments.

RESULTS:

In our cromatography we could saw  the following pigments:

• The orange or red pigment is the beta carotene
• The dark green is the alfa chlorophyll 
• The light green is the beta chlorohyll
• The yellow pigment is the xanthophylls  

QUESTIONS:

1. Why do we add calcium carbonate? Because thanks to add calcium carbonate we don't degrade the pigments.
2.  Which is the colous of every pigment? Is in the results.
3. For what purpose it does have different colour pigments? To know the solubility of different pigments.
4. Why do they separate in the paper? 

Water

 OBJECTIVE: Observe the components of different tipes of water

MATERIAL:

• Different tipes of water, in this case two
• Forcceps
• "Plaquetes"
• Microscope

PROCEDURE

1. In different "plaquetes" put each tipe of water with the components
2. Put the "plaquetes" in the microscope and observe it

QUESTIONS:

1. What are the organisms that are in the water? Are microorganisms that live in the water.

Carrot and tomato

OBJECTIVE: To observe and indentify the different plasts of a carrot, a potato and a tomato

MATERIAL:

• Knife
• Scalpel
• Potato
• Tomato
• Carrot
• Microscope
• Plate
• Forceps
• Dropper
• 
  

PROCEDURE:

Carrot and tomato:

1. Cut a sheet of the carrot and the tomato with a scalpel or with a knife and put it in a plane and put one or two drops of distilled water in each sheet
2. Put the plate on the microscope and observe the plasts of the carrot and the tomato. You will see  the tomato´s chromoplasts and the carrot's chromoplasts

  

Potato:

1. Extract the juice of the potato with a knife or with a scalpel and put it in a plate
2. Then put two or three dops of lugol and remove surplus
3. Put the plate on the microscope and observe it. You will see the potato´s epidermis amiloplasts

                                       

PRBB ( Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona)

Last week we went to the PRBB to do different experoments. In my case I do the electroforesy with the genes of a worms called C-elegance.

The electroforesy is used to know the large of this genes.

MATERIAL:

• Gloves
• Pipette
• 4 samples of different gens: daf-18 mutat, daf-18 silenciat, GFP+RFP -> fluorescència i Salvatge
• The electrophoresis

  
                          
PROCEDURE:

1. Put the genes with a pipette the different tipes of genes in a gel in a wells that are in the gel
2. Then cover the gel and electrify. 
3. These genes are going to move, ones more than others, depending of the largest of every tipe of genes.

  

RESULTS:

	MICROSCOPIA	IMATGE	GENÉTICA	COMPORTAMENT	RESULTATS
A	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	short	+sal -,-,+--> Si	DAF-18 mutat
B	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	large	+sal -,-,+-->  Si	GFP+RFP
C	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	large	+sal -,-,+-->  Si	SALVATGE
D	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	large	+,+,+,--> No	DAF-18 silenciat o apagat

Onion

OBJECTIVE: Observe de osmosis in the onion cells when we put salt water and distilled water

MATERIAL:

•   
• Knife
• Distilled water
• Salty water
• Microscope
• Forceps
• Dropper
• A piece of onion

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the onion and cut two slim sheets with a knife
2. Put the sheets on a different slides and observe they in the miscrocope the size of the onion cells
3. In one sample put some drops of distilled water and in the other sample also put some drops but of salty water
4. In the microscope observe the differences

RESULTS: 

                        

When we put distilled water on the onion sample, the cells inflate,and when we put salty eater, the cell gathers.

This happens because the cells equalise the enviroment

QUESTIONS:

1. When the salt solution was added to the onion cells where was the greator concentration of water? The greator concentration of water was outside the onion cells.
2. Which kind of transport does the water follow across the membrane? The transport that does the water follow across the membrane is the diffusion, because water is formed by molecules.

Natural Gum

OBJECTIVE: Make a natural gum
MATERIAL:

• 
• 1/2 cup of beeswax (make sure it is fit for human consumption) 
• 1 cup of impalpable sugar 
• 3 tablespoons honey 
• Essence of mint or cinnamon
• bunsen burner
• fire
• spatula 
• pipet
• knifen ( for cut the beeswax)
• 4 beakers (2 bigs and 2 smalls)

PROCEDURE:

1. First we take 2 beakers
2. Then we do  water bath (Bany maria)
3. Then we put the beakers in a bunsen burner (the fire a high temperature)
4. Inside the beaker we put the wax (Wax needs to melt) 
5. We have to remove the wax until smooth and viscous.
6. When the wax is smoothy and viscous we add the honey
7. Stir until the honey mixed with the wax.
8. We add the flavoring (5 drops of mint)
9. Finally we add the sugar (is necessari that the mixture is thicken)
10. We put the misxure in a mold
11.  

                    

ONION / MICROSCOPE

OBJECTIVES:

• Using a microscope
• See the differences between animal and plants cells
• See and onion in a microscope

ONION MATERIAL:                                                                    

• 
• Microscope
• Knife
• Safranina tint
• H2O
• Forceps
• Onion

MICROSCOPE MATERIAL:

• Microscope
• Samples of animal and plants cells

ONION PROCEDURE:

1. Make an epidermis cut at the onion
2. Clean the piece of onion
3. Tint the piece with safranina
4. Clean the piece with H2O
5. Put it in ???

MICROSCOPE PROCEDURE:

1. Put the samples in different microscope and observe the difference of the animal and plants cells

QUESTIONS:

• Parts of a microscope

                                   

• Differences between a microscope and a loupe: The fundamental difference is the increase. A magnifying glass increases what you are looking between 10 and 100 times. At an optical microscope allows to see structures like cells and single-cell parasites or bacteria and fungi.
• How the microscopes of the lab augment? 
• Diferences between an animal and a plant cell. The plant cells have geometrical forms, and they are disposed in an organized way, however, the animal cells have different forms among them.