The mussels

OBJECTIVE: See and observe the sexual dimorphism of different mussels.

MATERIAL:

• Fresh and closed mussels
• Knife
• Scissors
• Forceps
• Latex gloves
• Dropper
• Distilled water
• Needles
• Spatula
• Microscope
• Slide and corverslip

PROCEDURE: In this case we are going to observe a male mussel.

1. Take a mussel and open it with the help of a knife.
2. Then observe if it's a female of a male. The females are more orange than the males, that are more white.
3. Observe the parts of your mussel, like the gonads, or the foot. 
4. On the gonad we are going to see a white liquid that is the semen of the mussel. 
5. With a spatula take a sample of the semen and put it in a slide with a coverslip and observe it in the microscope. 
6. If the microscope is good we can get to see the sperms.
7. If you want you can cut some part of the mussel and put it in a loupe to observe it.

QUESTIONS:

1. Differences between male and female mussel. The male mussel is more largest than the female that is more ovalated. Also the females are orange and the males are more white.
2. Mark the anatomical parts of the mussel. 
3. Family, class, order and suborder in Latin. Mytilidae, bivalvia, mytiloida, pteriomorphia.
4. Do the gametes move? Why the male mussel have the tail smaller than in human espermatozoides? The gametes do not move and the tail of a male mussel espermatozoides are smaller than in human espermatozoides because it doesn't have to move a lot to fertilize the ovum.
5. Internal or external fertilization? As much as the fertilization and the development of the zygote occurs at the exterior.

Cell mitosis

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to see the different phases of the cell mitosis with a rood of an onion.

MATERIAL:

• Beaker
• Slide and cover slide
• Forceps
• Watch glass
• Filter paper
• Lighter
• Bunser burner
• Orcein A
• Orcein B
• Onion 
• Scissors
• Dropper
• Microscope

PROCEDURE:

1. Cut a root of the onion and put it in a watch glass.
2. Add 2ml of Orcein A to the root.
3. Open the bunsen burner and warm it up until we see weak vapors.
4. Then take the root with the forcepsand put it on a slide and add some drops of Orcein B.
5. Put the slide on the filter paper and put the cover slide. With the paper filter wrap the slide and clean out the excess of Orcein B.
6. Put the slide in the microscope and observe it.

RESULTS:

When we watch the sample on the microscope we have to see the phases of mitosis if we have done it well.

Yogurt

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to know how does the Gram stain and also to find bacteria that are called Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, that are G+ and G-

MATERIAL:

• Yogurt
• Ethanol
• Crystal violet
• Distilled water
• A bunsen burner
• 3 beakers
• Dropper
• Lighter
• Slide and cover slide
• Needle
• Lugol
• forceps
• Petri dish
• Microscope

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the needle and warm it up in the bunsen burner, and then, with the cold needle, take a sample of the yogurt
2. Put the sample on a slide and put some drops of distilled water. Also warm it up in the bunsen burner and with the help of a forceps until the water evaporate
3. Add two or three drops of crystal violet in the sample of yogurt and wait for one minute and a half. Then clean the slide with distilled water
4. Add also two or three drops of Lugol to seal the crystal violet and wait for one minute
5. After this minute clean the sample with distilled water to move away the excess of dye.
6. Then add ethanol to take away the dye of the G- and to see the G+

RESULTS:

The G+ are the ones that are dieying with a red colour and the G- are the ones that are transparent.

QUESTIONS:

1.  Explanation of Gran stain

Gram staining involves three processes: 

• staining with a water-soluble dye called crystal violet

• decolorization

• counterstaining

Due to differences in the thickness of a peptidoglycan layer in the cell membrane between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain during the decolorization process, while Gram negative bacteria lose the crystal violet stain and are instead stained by the safranin in the final staining process. 

Cromatografia

OBJECTIVE: To see the different layers of a mixture of spinach

MATERIAL:

• Filter paper
• Spinachs
• Petri dish
• Ethanol  
• A mortar
• Calcium carbonate
• A spatula

PROCEDURE:

1. First of all we have to wash the spinach to clean it and then we dry it with a paper.
2. Then we have to put the washed spinach in the mortar and grind it until we get a green liquid.    
3. Then we have to add 50mL of ethanol and a very little bit of calcium carbonate with the spatula.
4. We romove it and then we have to filter the mixture with a filter paper.        
5. Put a part of the mixture in the petri dish and put the paper, that we have folded in a half.
6. We have to wait until we can observe the different pigments.

RESULTS:

In our cromatography we could saw  the following pigments:

• The orange or red pigment is the beta carotene
• The dark green is the alfa chlorophyll 
• The light green is the beta chlorohyll
• The yellow pigment is the xanthophylls  

QUESTIONS:

1. Why do we add calcium carbonate? Because thanks to add calcium carbonate we don't degrade the pigments.
2.  Which is the colous of every pigment? Is in the results.
3. For what purpose it does have different colour pigments? To know the solubility of different pigments.
4. Why do they separate in the paper? 

Water

 OBJECTIVE: Observe the components of different tipes of water

MATERIAL:

• Different tipes of water, in this case two
• Forcceps
• "Plaquetes"
• Microscope

PROCEDURE

1. In different "plaquetes" put each tipe of water with the components
2. Put the "plaquetes" in the microscope and observe it

QUESTIONS:

1. What are the organisms that are in the water? Are microorganisms that live in the water.

Carrot and tomato

OBJECTIVE: To observe and indentify the different plasts of a carrot, a potato and a tomato

MATERIAL:

• Knife
• Scalpel
• Potato
• Tomato
• Carrot
• Microscope
• Plate
• Forceps
• Dropper
• 
  

PROCEDURE:

Carrot and tomato:

1. Cut a sheet of the carrot and the tomato with a scalpel or with a knife and put it in a plane and put one or two drops of distilled water in each sheet
2. Put the plate on the microscope and observe the plasts of the carrot and the tomato. You will see  the tomato´s chromoplasts and the carrot's chromoplasts

  

Potato:

1. Extract the juice of the potato with a knife or with a scalpel and put it in a plate
2. Then put two or three dops of lugol and remove surplus
3. Put the plate on the microscope and observe it. You will see the potato´s epidermis amiloplasts

                                       

PRBB ( Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona)

Last week we went to the PRBB to do different experoments. In my case I do the electroforesy with the genes of a worms called C-elegance.

The electroforesy is used to know the large of this genes.

MATERIAL:

• Gloves
• Pipette
• 4 samples of different gens: daf-18 mutat, daf-18 silenciat, GFP+RFP -> fluorescència i Salvatge
• The electrophoresis

  
                          
PROCEDURE:

1. Put the genes with a pipette the different tipes of genes in a gel in a wells that are in the gel
2. Then cover the gel and electrify. 
3. These genes are going to move, ones more than others, depending of the largest of every tipe of genes.

  

RESULTS:

	MICROSCOPIA	IMATGE	GENÉTICA	COMPORTAMENT	RESULTATS
A	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	short	+sal -,-,+--> Si	DAF-18 mutat
B	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	large	+sal -,-,+-->  Si	GFP+RFP
C	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	large	+sal -,-,+-->  Si	SALVATGE
D	male: hermafrodita:	I: F	large	+,+,+,--> No	DAF-18 silenciat o apagat

Onion

OBJECTIVE: Observe de osmosis in the onion cells when we put salt water and distilled water

MATERIAL:

•   
• Knife
• Distilled water
• Salty water
• Microscope
• Forceps
• Dropper
• A piece of onion

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the onion and cut two slim sheets with a knife
2. Put the sheets on a different slides and observe they in the miscrocope the size of the onion cells
3. In one sample put some drops of distilled water and in the other sample also put some drops but of salty water
4. In the microscope observe the differences

RESULTS: 

                        

When we put distilled water on the onion sample, the cells inflate,and when we put salty eater, the cell gathers.

This happens because the cells equalise the enviroment

QUESTIONS:

1. When the salt solution was added to the onion cells where was the greator concentration of water? The greator concentration of water was outside the onion cells.
2. Which kind of transport does the water follow across the membrane? The transport that does the water follow across the membrane is the diffusion, because water is formed by molecules.

Natural Gum

OBJECTIVE: Make a natural gum
MATERIAL:

• 
• 1/2 cup of beeswax (make sure it is fit for human consumption) 
• 1 cup of impalpable sugar 
• 3 tablespoons honey 
• Essence of mint or cinnamon
• bunsen burner
• fire
• spatula 
• pipet
• knifen ( for cut the beeswax)
• 4 beakers (2 bigs and 2 smalls)

PROCEDURE:

1. First we take 2 beakers
2. Then we do  water bath (Bany maria)
3. Then we put the beakers in a bunsen burner (the fire a high temperature)
4. Inside the beaker we put the wax (Wax needs to melt) 
5. We have to remove the wax until smooth and viscous.
6. When the wax is smoothy and viscous we add the honey
7. Stir until the honey mixed with the wax.
8. We add the flavoring (5 drops of mint)
9. Finally we add the sugar (is necessari that the mixture is thicken)
10. We put the misxure in a mold
11.  

                    

ONION / MICROSCOPE

OBJECTIVES:

• Using a microscope
• See the differences between animal and plants cells
• See and onion in a microscope

ONION MATERIAL:                                                                    

• 
• Microscope
• Knife
• Safranina tint
• H2O
• Forceps
• Onion

MICROSCOPE MATERIAL:

• Microscope
• Samples of animal and plants cells

ONION PROCEDURE:

1. Make an epidermis cut at the onion
2. Clean the piece of onion
3. Tint the piece with safranina
4. Clean the piece with H2O
5. Put it in ???

MICROSCOPE PROCEDURE:

1. Put the samples in different microscope and observe the difference of the animal and plants cells

QUESTIONS:

• Parts of a microscope

                                   

• Differences between a microscope and a loupe: The fundamental difference is the increase. A magnifying glass increases what you are looking between 10 and 100 times. At an optical microscope allows to see structures like cells and single-cell parasites or bacteria and fungi.
• How the microscopes of the lab augment? 
• Diferences between an animal and a plant cell. The plant cells have geometrical forms, and they are disposed in an organized way, however, the animal cells have different forms among them.

        

DNA

OBJECTIVE: See the DNA of a banana and a kiwi

MATERIAL:

•                 
• Mortar
• Strainer
• Filter paper
• Spatula
• Beaker
• 100g of banana
• Microscope
• Alcohol
• Pineapple juice
• Funnel
• 1/2 kiwi
• Sodium chloride
• H2O
• Ethanol 96º
• Pestle
• Balance
• Graduated cylinder
• Pipette

PROCEDURE: The same for the banana and the kiwi. I'm going to explain the procedure of the banana.

1. We have to weigh 100g of banana
2. In a mortar we grind the banana up to the point that the banana becames juice
3. In a beaker we put 100mL of H2O, 10 mL of soap and 3g of sodium chloride and add the banana.
4. We strain the mixture with the strainer. We use a spatula to make it easier.   
5. We strain the mixture again with the filter paper and with the funnel in a 200mL graduated cylinder. 
6. With the pipette add 1mL of pineapple juice.
7. Then add 6mL of ethanol 96º. When we put it into the test tub, the ethanol 96º has to touch the side of the test tube.
8. We will see that the DNA separates from the cell. 
9. We catch the DNA with a spatula and we put it in the microscope. We will see the DNA.

               

QUESTIONS:

Com s'aconsegueix alliberar el DNA de les membranes que l'envolten.

S'aconsegueix afegint sabó

Per a què s'utilitza el suc de pinya?
Serveix per trencar les proteïnes anomenades histones

Com aconseguim la precipitació del DNA dispers?

Afegint ethanol 96º, que separa el DNA i això fa que el poguem veure.